& (1 (1623-1945) (1805) (1834). (1937-1953) (1954-1962) (1956), (1958), (1959). (1963-1972) (1972-1984) (1984-1990) (Basic (C) (Combined (Cornell (DOD) (DOE) (ENIAC), (John (LAN) (LARC) (LSI (MSI) (NSF) (National (Pittsburgh (SSI) (San (TI-ASC) (VLSI (WAN) (a (aka (and (but (editing (functional (he (internal (or (processor, (programming (programs (semiconductor (systems (turn (two (using , - 0.3 1 1, 1,000 10 100 100,000 1000 128 15-digit 17th 1823 1833, 1842, 1853 1855, 1890 1911 1924 1937, 1937. 1941 1943, 1943. 1945, 1950s 1952, 1954 1955 1960s, 1963). 1964, 1967). 1970 1972, 1982, 1984-1985 1985 1990 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 1ns 2, 20 205 29 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 32 360-195 360/91, 3710 381 438 442). 45 660. 6600 6600, 7% 7030 704 709 7094. 7600, 8000 : A ALGOL ALGOL, ALGOL. Ada, Advanced Alabama, Alan Albany, All Allen, Although American Amoco An Analytical Applications); Applied Army As Astrodynamics At Atanasoff Atanasoff, Atanasoff-Berry Atomic Authors B, BCPL Babbage Babbage's Babbage, Babbage. Balance Bell Berkeley Berry Blaise Bording, Bottcher, Boulder, Bowie, British Bureau, Burns, Burroughs, Business By C C, C-based C. CDC CO COBOL CPL CPU CPU) CRAY CYBER Cambridge Census Center Center), Center); Center, Charles Chemistry Chinese Chris Clifford Colorado Colossus Colossus, Compilers Computational Computer Computers Computing Conery Connection Copyright Cornell Corporation, Countess Courant Cray Cray. D. DEC Dan Dave Davies Defense Demmel, Dennis Department Department, Developments Diego Difference Digital Division, Division,Oak Dudley Duquesne During EDVAC EDVAC, ENIAC ENIAC, ENIAC. Each Early Eckert Editors Education Edvard Eisenhower Electronic Energy Engine, Engine. Engineering Engineering, Era Eugene Exhibition FORTRAN FORTRAN, FP Fifth First Five Floating Following Foundation Fourth Gate Generation Geoffrey George Geoscience, German Goedel Gottfried Herman Hollerith Hollerith's However However, Huntsville I I/O IBM ICs II II. ILLIAC IV, Illinois Illinois, Important In Inc. Inc., Information Innovations Instead Institute Instrument Integrator Intel International Iowa It J. Jacquard James Japan, Jerrold John Johnson, Kantha, Ken Laboratories Laboratories, Laboratory Laboratory, Laboratory. Labs Labs. Lakshmi Language, Large Later Lax Lax. Leibnitz. Lincoln Livermore London Lovelace, M. M.R. MD MIT's MP-1 MS Machine Machines, Machines. Marchant Mars. Martin Martin, MasPar, Mathematical Mathematicians Mathematics Mathematics, Mauchly Mauchly's Mauchly, Mechanical Memory Mflops). Mflops. Michigan Microcomputers Most Multilayered NASA NM NSF National Naval Neumann Neumann's Neumann, New Nuclear Numerical OK Oak Observatory One Ordnance Oregon, Other PA PDP-11. Paris Parks, Pascal Pascal, Pat Pennsylvania. Peter Phase Phillip Physics Physics, Piacsek, Pittsburgh Presper Princeton Prior Production Programming Project Prolog Pryor, R. RAM REMEMBER RISC Regardless Report Research Research, Richard Richards Ridge Ritchie Ritchie, Robert SIMD, SOLOMON STAR-100 San Sandia Scale Scheutz Schickhard, Schlick, Science Science, Sciences Scientific Second Semiconductor Sequent Seymour Software Space Sponsored State State, States. Stennis Steve Stevenson Strayer Stretch) Supercomputing TN TRADIC TX-0 Tamar Technologies, Texas The Their Theory There Therefore, These Thinking Third This Thomas Thompson Thompson's Three Through Toward Tulsa, Turing Turing's Two U. U.S. UK UNIVAC UNIVAC; UNIX US Umar United Univeristy University University, Unix Until Utah V. VAX-780 Vanderbilt Verena Voigt, Von Wagener, War We're Westinghouse Wilhelm William Words Work World Would X-MP York York, Zachmann Ziebarth, ``add ``analytical ``chip''), ``close'' ``open'' ``supercomputer'' ``the a abacus, able about absence academic acceptance access accessed accessing according acoustic add addition addition, advantage after age aggressive ahead ahead, al. algorithms algorithms, all allow along also altering alternatives ambitious an analog ancient and and/or anguage, another appear; application applications. applied approach. approximately architecture architectures architectures. are area areas arguably arising arithmetic army around array as assemblers assembly associated at attain attempt attention augment author. authors, available available. b'' b.Machines background ballistics banks, based basic be became been before began begun benefit, better between bomb, bomb. both bottleneck branches, breaking brief brought build building built built. but by cache cache). cache. calculate calculations calculator calculator, calculator. calculators calculators. called can capable capture carried census. centers centers, centers. century. chaired change characterize characterized charge. chip) chip, chip. chips circuit circuits circuits, class closed code code, code. codes colleagues colleagues, combined coming coming. commercial commercially community. company comparable compete competitor compiler compilers compiling complete completed completed. complex complicated component), components computable computation computational computations. compute computed computed, computer computer's computer, computers computers, computers. computers? computing computing, concentrate conditional connect connected connection considered constructed construction consultant continue continued contrast contribution control control. controlled controllers) controlling controls controls. controversy cooperated coordinated copy core cores cores, corporation corresponded cost costs could counted, credit cycles data data, data-parallelor data. day days de deal debug declarative decommissioned defeat delay delays demonstrated derivative deriving deserve deserves design design, designed designers designing details developed development developments device devices devices, dials; difference differences. different differential digital digital, diode direction directly discrete discussion distributed diverse divided division dominate dominated done down dramatic dropped due during each earliest early economics efficiently efforts eight eight) electoral electrical electromechanical electronic elements elements. emerge. employed encoded encourage end end, ended ended, engine engine'' engineering engineering. enough enough. entire environment equations equations. equipment era era. especially established establishment estimated et event events every evolution evolved example examples executing existence existing expensive experimental explore extensively external extremely fact fact, facto familiar far fast faster faster, features few field fifth file find finished. finite first fit five floating focused focusing following for foreign form formalism formed forms forty found four fourth-order free from frowned functional functions functions, functions. fundamentally funded funding further future gains gate. general generalize generally generation generation: generations generations, generations. generators, gives goal, goals gold graduate group had hand hand-translating hard hardware hardware. has have having he help high his historians history hold hour. hours how however, however: huge hundreds hydrogen hypercube'', i.e. iPSC-1 iPSC-1, idea idea, if immediately imperative implementation implemented important impossible improve improvement improvements improving in inadequate include included including incompleteness increase increasing incredible independent index initiate initiatives innovations inspired instead instruction instructions integer integrated integration interdisciplinary interface interface. internal into introduced introduced, introduction involved is it iterative its job. jobs. jointly kept key knew known language language, language. languages languages). languages. large large, largest late later latter learn learn. least leaving level levels libraries library like limited lines, local located logic). logic, logician, long longer look loom loops low machine machine, machines machines. magnetic magnitude mail) main mainframe mainly major making man manufacturers many marked market. massively matching mathematical mathematics meant mechanical mechanical, medal medium medium-scale meet memories memories. memory memory, memory. mercury merged merits microprogramming microseconds. mileposts. military million minutes modeling. models, modern modified module module, more most mostly moved moving much multi-purpose, multiple multiplication, multitude national nature necessary needed network networking, networks never new next nicknamed no none not notably notation notation, notations noted notion now number numbers numbers, numbers. numeric numerical o of often oil on one only onto operate operating operation operations operations, operations. opposed optimization or orbit order order, orders organization organized other out out, over overlapped overlapping own pace pace, packages page panel paper parallel parallelism parallelism) parallelism. part partial partially parts passed per performance performed period period, pervasive physical physically physics pipelined pipelining played plummeting point polls ported possible power power, power. powerful practice predicted prediction.Eckert, previous primitive primitive. principle printed probably problem problems process processing processing, processing. processor processor, processors processors) processors). processors, processors. products professor program program. programmable programmable, programmer programmers programming programming) programs programs, project project, projects promising promoted proved provided providing publication punch-card purpose quality quantity quite ran; random ranging rapid rate read reading real reason recognized recognizing registers relative relatively relays relays. released reliability. reliable reliable, relieving replaced report report. represent representative required research researchers reserved reservoir resources responses role roughly routinely routines run runtime same same, saw says scalability scale scene. science science. scientific second seconds, secret seeking self-modifying semiconductor semiconductors separate sequence sequentially servers servers. set settings several shared sharing sharp should significant simple simplification simplification, simply simulation simultaneous simultaneously since single single-user sites. six six) sketch skills, slow small-scale smaller society. software sold solid solve some son soon sophisticated specifically specification speed spite sponsored stage, standard standards started starting state stated steady step still stimulating store stored storing stream stream. structure student students study style style, subroutines subsequent subset substantial subtraction, succeeded successful successive successors, such supercomputer supercomputers supercomputers. supercomputing switches switches, switches. switching symbolic system system, system. systems systems, systems; tabulate take task task. tasks team. technique techniques techniques, techniques. technology tedious tend term than that the their themselves then theorem there these they think third this thousand three through throughout throughput time time-shared time-sharing. time: times title. to took toward traced traditional training transistor transistors transition translation tremendous truly tubes tubes, tunnels, twComputer twice two type typical unable under unfortunately unit unit; units units, universities university unknowns unknowns. until up upon use use, used useful user user's users uses using usually vacuum valuable variables. variety various vector vector). vectorize version version. very viability viewed virtually visible visualization. von vote votes vs. wanted war was was, wasn't wave way wear weather web were were, what when which who wide widely widespread will wind with with. without won work working workstation workstations workstations. world worrying would write writing written wrote years yet you